Abstract Brown rot and blossom blight caused by fungi of the genus Monilinia are the most important peach diseases. The increased concern with the environment and the health of workers and consumers, as well as the emergence of fungus isolates resistant to the main fungicide molecules favor control strategies such as genetic resistance. The objective of this study was to adjust a phenotyping protocol for evaluation of resistance/susceptibility to blossom blight in peach, as well as to quantify the antioxidant compounds present in the petals of these flowers and their correlation with the disease incidence and severity. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block split-split plot design, the plot being four concentrations of Monilinia fructicola conidia; the subplot two phenological flower stage; and the sub-subplot four peach genotypes. The quantification of antioxidant compounds and their correlation with susceptibility to blossom blight was performed in the four genotypes analyzed. Phenotyping was more efficient when concentrations between 400 and 4,000 conidia mL-1 were used, regardless of phenological flower stage. The phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity are positively correlated among them, and negatively correlated with the blossom blight incidence and severity. In order to estimate the blossom blight susceptibility, it is recommended to use flowers at the pink or bloom stage, inoculum equivalent to 20-200 conidia per flower, and perform the evaluation at 96 hours after inoculation. This study suggests that more intense pink flowers have a higher content of antioxidant compounds and less blossom blight susceptibility.

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the base temperature of six lisianthus cultivars, grown at seven planting seasons in the municipality of Capão do Leão, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The following cultivars were evaluated: DBL Echo Blue, Robella 2 Pink, Excalibur White, Excalibur 2 Blue Picotee, DBL Echo Champagne, and Arena III Red. Base temperature was determined from the air temperature data collected daily, in each planting season, fusing the lowest variability and development ratio methods. The base temperature for lisianthus cultivars is between 14.0 and 15.0ºC, by the lowest variability method, and between 13.9 and 15.0ºC by the development ratio method. The highest thermal accumulation was obseerved in the second planting season (from 11/23/2017 to 02/22/2018) for all cultivars, and lower air temperatures during the growing season resulted in longer production cycles. In the seven planting seasons, the highest base temperature is 15.0ºC, obtained for cultivar Arena III Red, and the is 14°C, for all lisianthus cultivars.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a temperatura base para seis cultivares de lisianto, cultivadas em sete épocas de plantio no município de Capão do Leão, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As seguintes cultivares de lisianto froam avaliadas: DBL Echo Blue, Robella 2 Pink, Excalibur White, Excalibur 2 Blue Picotee, DBL Echo Champagne e Arena III Red. A temperatura base foi determinada a partir dos dados de temperatura do ar coletados diariamente, em cada época de plantio, por meio dos métodos de menor variabilidade e razão de desenvolvimento. A temperatura base para as cultivares de lisianto é entre 14,0 e 15,0ºC, pelo método de menor variabilidade, e entre 13,9 e 15,0ºC, pelo método de razão de desenvolvimento. O maior acúmulo térmico foi observado na segunda época de cultivo (de 23/11/2017 a 22/02/2018) para todas as cultivares, e as menores temperaturas do ar, durante a estação de crescimento, resultaram em maiores ciclos produtivos. Nas sete épocas de plantio, a maior temperatura base é 15,0ºC, obtida para a cultivar Arena III Red, e a menor é 14,0oC, para todas as cultivares de lisianto.

RESUMEN El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el crecimiento y la calidad de lisianthus cultivado en diferentes sustratos de cascarilla de arroz. Los sustratos evaluados fueron: cascarilla de arroz carbonizada (CAC; 100%); cascarilla de arroz cruda (CACr; 100%); CAC (70%) + abono orgánico comercial S10 Beifort® (30%); y CACr (70%) + abono orgánico comercial S10 Beifort® (30%). Se analizaron la producción y partición de la materia seca (MS) de la planta, el área de la hoja del planta y la relación MS de la parte aérea/raíces. También fueron evaluados los parámetros de calidad del tallo de la flor (altura del tallo, diámetro y cantidad de flores y capullos). El sustrato 100% CACr redujo el crecimiento de las plantas y el formación de flores. Esto cambió la partición de materia seca entre los órganos de la planta. Los sustratos CACr + S10 y CAC proporcionaron tallos florales de calidad. Por lo tanto, ambos sustratos pueden ser utilizados para producir flores de lisianthus cortadas en el sistema de recirculación de nutrientes. Sin embargo, el sustrato CACr + S10 se destacó por aumentar el crecimiento de las plantas. Este resultado se atribuye la mejora de las propiedades físicas y químicas del sustrato CACr + S10, debido la presencia del abono orgánico, que benefició la capacidad de retención de agua y el CAC, que garantizó una alta porosidad de lo sustrato.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the growth and quality of lisianthus cultivated in different rice husk substrates. The evaluated substrates were: carbonized rice husk (CRH; 100%); raw rice husk (RRH; 100%); CRH (70%) + S10 Beifort® commercial organic compost (30%); and RRH (70%) + S10 Beifort® commercial organic compost (30%). Plant dry mass (DM) production and partitioning, plant leaf area and shoot/root DM ratio were analyzed. Quality parameters of the flower stems were also evaluated (length; diameter and number of flowers and buds). The RRH substrate at 100% reduced plant growth and prevented flower development. This modified dry mass partitioning among the plant organs. The substrates RRH + S10 and CRH provided quality flower stems. Thus, both substrates can be used to produce cut lisianthus flowers in recirculating nutrient systems. However, the RRH + S10 substrate stood out because it increased plant growth. This result is ascribed to the improvement of the physical and chemical properties of substrate RRH + S10 as a result of the presence of both the organic compost, which benefited the water holding capacity, and the RRH, which guaranteed high porosity to the substrate.

ABSTRACT: Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is an economically important crop and its cultivation has been expanded across temperate and subtropical regions of Brazil. Growing raspberries under plastic cover has becoming more common worldwide. This study investigated the effect of plastic cover on productive and morphological performance of primocane-fruiting raspberry cultivars, in southern Brazil. The experiment was arranged in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design, with three raspberry cultivars, ‘Heritage’; ‘Fallgold’ and ‘Alemãzinha’; two cultivation systems, presence and absence of plastic cover; and two production cycles, fall and spring. We measured days from transplanting to flowering and harvesting. Plants were evaluated for dry mass of pruning, plant height, stem diameter, plant leaf area, fruit production, number of fruits, fruit weight, fruit longitudinal and transversal diameter, and harvesting period. Plastic cover reduced incident radiation on the canopy by 17 %. Cultivar ‘Heritage’ is early ripening in the fall cycle. The management under plastic cover prolonged the harvesting period of raspberries in the fall productive cycle for the cultivar ‘Heritage’ and, in spring, for cultivars ‘Alemãzinha’ and ‘Fallgold’. In the spring cycle, plants increased their leaf area, fruit production and number of fruits. The cultivar ‘Alemãzinha’ performed better in the spring cycle when managed under plastic cover and was more productive, with a longer productive cycle and larger fruits.

RESUMO Considerando a importância econômica da cultura do morangueiro no Brasil, com tendência clara de migração da produção no solo para sistemas inovadores de produção em substratos, é fundamental a avaliação das cultivares disponíveis no mercado quanto a tolerância a patógenos com potencial de infestação. Avaliou-se a resistência de oito cultivares comerciais (Festival, Camino Real, Camarosa, Oso Grande, Monterey, San Andreas, Aromas e Albion) a espécies de Meloidogyne e Pratylenchus. Cultivares de morango, mantidas em vasos individuais com solo esterilizado, foram inoculadas com 5.000 ovos + juvenis de segundo estágio de Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica ou M. hapla ou 1.000 espécimes de Pratylenchus zea ou P. brachyurus por planta. O experimento foi conduzido sob condições de casa de vegetação em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições, utilizando-se plantas de sorgo ‘506’ e tomate ‘Rutgers’ como controles para o nematoides das galhas e das lesões radiculares, respectivamente. Noventa dias após a inoculação, foi avaliado o fator de reprodução dos nematoides (RF = população final / população inicial) para determinar a resistência dos genótipos de morango a cada espécie de fitonematoide. Todas as cultivares se comportaram como resistentes (FR<1,00) ou imunes (FR= 0,00) a M. javanica, M. incognita, P. zeae e P. brachyurus. Apenas ‘Camarosa’ foi suscetível (FR> 1,00) a M. arenaria e M. hapla e ‘Oso Grande’ comportou-se como suscetível a M. hapla; porém, as demais cultivares foram resistentes a estas duas espécies do nematoide das galhas. As cultivares de morango avaliadas neste trabalho comportaram-se como más hospedeiras dos nematoides estudados e, podem ser consideradas alternativa de cultivo em áreas infestadas com os patógenos.

ABSTRACT Considering the economic importance of strawberry in Brazil, with a clear migration trend from the soil to innovative systems on substrates, it is fundamental to evaluate the available cultivars in the market regarding tolerance to pathogens with potential for infestation. The reaction of eight commercial strawberry cultivars (Festival, Camino Real, Camarosa, Oso Grande, Monterey, San Andreas, Aromas, and Albion) to Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus species was evaluated. Strawberry cultivars were maintained in individual pots with sterilized soil and inoculated with 5,000 eggs + second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica or M. hapla or 1,000 specimens of Pratylenchus zea or P. brachyurus per plant. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with six replications using tomato ‘Rutgers’ and sorghum ‘506’ plants as control to root-knot and lesion nematodes, respectively. Ninety days after inoculation, the nematode reproduction factor (RF= final population/initial population) was evaluated to determine the resistance of the strawberry genotypes to each nematode species. All cultivars behaved as resistant (FR<1.00) or immune (FR= 0.00) to M. javanica, M. incognita, P. zeae and P. brachyurus. The cultivar ‘Camarosa’ was susceptible (FR>1.00) to M. arenaria and M. hapla and ‘Oso Grande’ behaved as a good host to M. hapla; however, the other cultivars were resistant to these two Meloidogyne species. The assessed cultivars are poor hosts, being an alternative to be used in infested areas with these pests.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el crecimiento, productividad y calidad de gypsophila variedad New Amore®, cultivada en canales rellenos con sustratos y sistema con recirculación de la solución nutritiva en el sur de Brazil. Los tratamientos fueron el resultado de la combinación de cuatro sustratos [cascarilla de arroz carbonizada (CAC100%), cascarilla de arroz cruda (CACr100%), CAC + sustrato comercial orgánico S10 (Beifort®) (15%) y CA-Cr + S10 (15%)] y dos épocas de poda (precoz y tardía). Los sustratos no afectaron la distribución de la materia seca entre las flores y los órganos vegetativos, así como el balance entre el crecimiento de la parte aérea y de las raíces. Sin embargo, el cultivo en el sustrato CACr100% redujo el crecimiento de la parte aérea, la producción y la calidad de los tallos florales. Los sustratos CAC100% y CACr+S10 pueden ser indicados para el cultivo de gypsophila debido a los buenos resultados obtenidos. La poda tardía aumentó el crecimiento, la productividad y mejoró la calidad de los tallos florales de gypsophila. Se concluye que las plantas de gypsophila se adaptaron bien al sistema de cultivo con recirculación de la solución nutritiva.

ABSTRACT This research evaluated the growth, yield and quality of gypsophila New Amore® variety grown in gutters filled with substrate in a system with leaching recirculation in southern Brazil. The treatments were the result of the combination of four substrates [carbonized rice husk (CRH100%), raw rice husk (RRH100%), CRH + organic commercial substrate S10 (Beifort®) (15%) and RRH+S10 (15%)] with two pruning times (early and late). The substrates did not affect the dry matter partitioning between the flowers and vegetative organs or the balance between the shoot and root growth. However, RRH100% reduced the shoot growth, flower stem yield and quality. The CRH100% and RRH+S10 substrates can be indicated for gypsophila cultivation once, in a general way, they presented promising results. The late pruning increased the gypsophila growth and yield and benefited the quality of the stems. The gypsophila plants adapted well to the employed crop system.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a propagação vegetativa de brotações caulinares de cultivares de framboeseira, no outono e no inverno. Foram avaliadas as cultivares Schöenmann, Willamette, Heritage, Polana, Indian Summer, Fall Gold, Golden Bliss e Bababerry. As avaliações, realizadas 90 dias após a instalação, em ambas estações, foram: porcentagem de estacas com calos, estacas enraizadas e sobreviventes; comprimento da maior raiz; massa seca de raízes e massa seca da parte aérea. É possível obter boas taxas de enraizamento de brotações caulinares de cultivares de framboeseiras no outono. As cultivares Bababerry, Schoenmann e Golden Bliss apresentaram maior percentual de enraizamento, seguidas por Heritage, Polana, Willamette e Fallgold. A cultivar Indian Summer teve o menor percentual e enraizamento no outono e no inverno.

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate rooting of raspberry cultivars from leafy cuttings in two seasons, autumn and winter. The cultivars Schöenmann, Willamette, Heritage, Polana, Indian Summer, Fall Gold, Golden Bliss and Bababerry were evaluated. Assessments were done 90 days after the installation for both seasons, evaluating the following traits: percentage of cuttings with callus; rooted and live cuttings; the longest root length; and dry mass of roots and sprouting. The results showed that is possible to obtain good rooting rates from leafy cuttings of raspberry cultivars in autumn, and regular in winter. The cultivars Bababerry, Schoenmann and Golden Bliss had higher rooting percentage, followed by Heritage, Polana, Willamette and Fallgold. The cultivar Indian Summer had the lower rooting percentage in autumn and winter.